（）Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively _ work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 _ , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 _ , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 _ without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 55 _ people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 _ to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 _ . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 _ managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 _ managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 _ the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 _ with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 _ been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 _ that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 64 _ management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 _
of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
dislike,不喜欢；故选项D正确。
本题考查文章一致性，根据下文的“Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it” 可知，原理X是人们直觉反应会不喜欢的工作，会尽可能避免的事。
对文章不理解。avoid,避免。
contrary,相反的；故选项A正确。
本题考查文章一致性，根据下文的“In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X.” 可知，尽管很多例子是反面的，但很多管理者仍然赞同原理X.
despite,尽管，提示前后是转折关系。
for example,比如；故选项B正确。
本题考查文章一致性，根据下文的“In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively,” 可知，尽管很多例子是反面的，但很多管理者仍然赞同原理X，而且他们认为，比如，员工如果要更有效率的工作需要得到及时的管理。
前后文是承接关系。
从后面的authoritarian managers可知；故选项D正确。
本题考查文章一致性，根据下文的“or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers” 可知，决策必须由上级定无商量，当然，这个是对于专制的管理者来说的。
above,上级。
从后面的authoritarian managers提示可知；故选项C正确。
本题考查文章一致性，根据下文的“Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management” 可知，不同的文化产生不同的管理方式，与专制管理不同的是...
前后两句都是围绕管理来讲的。
根据前文，选contribute最合适；故选项B正确。
本题考查文章一致性，根据下文的“in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process” 可知，在亚洲，最喜欢征求意见的管理特性，部门的或者工作团队的所有成员都要被征求意见。
contribute to做贡献。
根据前文，选agreement最合适；故选项A正确。
本题考查文章一致性，根据下文的“Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 ” 可知，很多西方公司曾模仿亚洲的管理做法，也就是采纳综合的意见。
general agreement,普遍同意（该意见，决议等）。
根据前文，选male最合适；故选项D正确。
本题考查文章一致性，根据下文的“ Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.” 可知，一些专家说女性比男性做管理会更有效率，因为她们更有能力达到目标，而古代的女性管理者则做不到。
male,女性的。前后两句是围绕女性来说的
without asking,不用问；故选项A正确。
本题考查文章一致性，根据下文的“A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first ” 可知，最近有一个趋势鼓励员工发挥他们的主动性，自己做决策而不用首先问管理者。
注意关键词，make decisions on their own.
根据前文，选reducing最合适；故选项C正确。
本题考查文章一致性，根据下文的“This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies” 可知，为裁员，减少公司管理层的人数。
downsize,裁员。对词义不清楚
根据前文，选left 最合适；故选项B正确。
本题考查文章一致性，根据下文的“After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public.” 可知，裁员后，一个公司只留下高层管理者，前线管理者和直接与群众联系的员工。
left with,留下来。对词义不清楚
根据前文，选traditionally 最合适；故选项B正确。
本题考查文章一致性，根据下文的“Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case” 可知，与传统的不同，授权委托现在用的更多。
traditionally,传统的。
根据前文，选ensure 最合适；故选项D正确。
本题考查文章一致性，根据下文的“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed,” 可知，授权委托是管理的新形式，可以确保所有计划都得到遵循。
ensure,确保。
根据从句的关键词email, internet；故选项A正确。
本题考查文章一致性，根据下文的“Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses” 可知，另一个趋势是不做班或者虚拟管理，人们用email和Internet联系。
virtual,虚拟的。
根据从句的关键句，what they produce for projects, spend on them,这些都是业绩的描述；故选项C正确。
本题考查文章一致性，根据下文的“Project managers evaluate the 65
of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them” 可知，项目经理根据成员生产的产品来评价业绩，而不是他们花的时间。
performance,业绩。